Sistem Informasi Geografis sebagai Jembatan Interoperabilitas Data Maritim: Tinjauan Literatur Ancaman Spasial dan Strategi Transformasi Digital Keamanan Maritim di Laut Sulawesi Menuju Indonesia Emas 2045
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Keamanan maritim di Laut Sulawesi tetap rapuh meski teknologi pemantauan terus berkembang. Akar masalahnya bukan kekurangan data, tapi kegagalan menyatukan data yang sudah ada. Kawasan perbatasan Indonesia-Filipina-Malaysia ini menghadapi illegal fishing, penyelundupan, dan aktivitas grey-zone, sementara data AIS, radar, dan citra satelit tersebar di enam instansi berbeda yang jarang saling berbagi. Artikel ini menempatkan GIS sebagai simpul penghubung antara ancaman spasial, tata kelola data, dan agenda transformasi digital keamanan maritim, menuju Visi Indonesia Emas 2045. Penelitian menggunakan Systematic Literature Review mengikuti PRISMA 2020, menelusuri delapan basis data (Scopus, Web of Science, ScienceDirect, SpringerLink, Taylor & Francis Online, Wiley, IEEE Xplore, MDPI), dengan thematic synthesis atas 57 artikel dari 412 rekaman awal. Ancaman di Laut Sulawesi ternyata mengikuti pola spasial yang cukup konsisten, terkonsentrasi di batas WPPNRI 716 dan jalur pelayaran padat. GIS sendiri sudah bergerak jauh dari desktop mapping, kini masuk ke geospatial intelligence, GeoAI, dan digital twin. Tapi lima dimensi tantangan interoperabilitas teknologi, organisasi, regulasi, SDM, dan infrastruktur saling mengunci satu sama lain, dan fragmentasi kewenangan antara Bakamla dan TNI Angkatan Laut menjadi hambatan kelembagaan yang paling sulit diurai. Berdasarkan temuan ini, artikel mengusulkan kerangka konseptual delapan komponen: ancaman spasial, akuisisi data, interoperabilitas, GIS, spatial intelligence, decision support system, Maritime Domain Awareness, hingga keamanan maritim nasional. Kesimpulannya sederhana yaitu penguatan keamanan maritim di Laut Sulawesi tidak bisa dicapai hanya dengan menambah kapal patroli atau radar. Hal tersebut bergantung pada kemauan antarlembaga untuk berbagi data dalam satu bahasa yang sama.
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Referensi
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