Dilema Keamanan di Jalur Pelayaran Arktik: Strategi Pertahanan Laut Uni Eropa dalam Menghadapi Pembukaan Northern Sea Route (NSR)
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Abstract
Pencairan es Arktik akibat perubahan iklim membuka Northern Sea Route (NSR) sebagai jalur pelayaran alternatif yang memangkas jarak tempuh antara Asia dan Eropa secara signifikan dibandingkan rute Terusan Suez. Fenomena ini memunculkan dilema keamanan (security dilemma) di kawasan Arktik karena bersamaan dengan eskalasi aktivitas ekonomi, kawasan tersebut juga memperlihatkan kehadiran kekuatan militer Rusia dan perluasan pengaruh Tiongkok sebagai “near-Arctic state”. Artikel ini mengkaji bagaimana negara-negara Uni Eropa merumuskan strategi pertahanan laut demi melindungi kedaulatan, menegakkan hukum laut internasional, dan mengamankan infrastruktur bawah laut kritis seperti kabel komunikasi dari ancaman aktor non-Eropa yang semakin aktif. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode kualitatif deskriptif-analitis berbasis studi kepustakaan atas dokumen kebijakan resmi Uni Eropa, instrumen hukum internasional (UNCLOS 1982), serta literatur akademik terkait geopolitik Arktik. Hasil kajian menunjukkan bahwa Pasal 234 UNCLOS menjadi titik ketegangan interpretasi antara prinsip kedaulatan negara pantai dan kebebasan navigasi internasional; rangkaian insiden sabotase kabel bawah laut di kawasan Baltik mendorong Uni Eropa membentuk kerangka keamanan infrastruktur kritis lintas lembaga; dan perubahan iklim telah menjadi variabel strategis yang mendorong reformulasi doktrin pertahanan maritim sejumlah negara anggota. Kesimpulan penelitian menegaskan bahwa strategi pertahanan laut Uni Eropa di kawasan Arktik masih menghadapi tantangan fragmentasi kebijakan antarnegara anggota dan keterbatasan kapabilitas militer di lingkungan es dibandingkan aktor non-Eropa.
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