Strategi Pertahanan Laut Negara-Negara ASEAN dalam Menghadapi Konflik Laut Cina Selatan: Analisis Implementasi Hukum Laut Internasional Berdasarkan UNCLOS 1982 dan Mekanisme Penyelesaian Sengketa Internasional
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Konflik Laut Cina Selatan mempertemukan sengketa kedaulatan, tumpang tindih yurisdiksi maritim, kompetisi sumber daya, serta penggunaan instrumen nonmiliter dan paramiliter yang berpotensi meningkatkan eskalasi. Penelitian ini bertujuan menganalisis keterkaitan antara strategi pertahanan laut negara-negara ASEAN, implementasi United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea 1982 (UNCLOS 1982), dan mekanisme penyelesaian sengketa internasional. Penelitian menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif dengan desain yuridis normatif dan perbandingan strategis. Data diperoleh dari UNCLOS 1982, putusan arbitrase Laut Cina Selatan 2016, instrumen ASEAN, dokumen pertahanan multilateral, serta artikel ilmiah yang ditelaah melalui analisis isi dan triangulasi sumber. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa UNCLOS 1982 menyediakan dasar legitimasi untuk melindungi zona ekonomi eksklusif dan landas kontinen, tetapi efektivitasnya bergantung pada kemampuan negara mendokumentasikan pelanggaran, mempertahankan kehadiran yang terukur, dan membangun dukungan diplomatik. Putusan arbitrase 2016 memperjelas batas klaim hak historis dan status fitur maritim, namun kesenjangan kepatuhan membuktikan bahwa kemenangan hukum tidak otomatis menghasilkan perubahan perilaku di lapangan. Strategi ASEAN juga belum sepenuhnya terpadu karena perbedaan ancaman, kapasitas, dan kepentingan ekonomi antarnegara. Penelitian ini mengusulkan strategi pertahanan laut berlapis yang menggabungkan ketahanan hukum, maritime domain awareness, postur penangkalan defensif, prosedur pencegahan insiden, serta Code of Conduct yang konsisten dengan UNCLOS 1982. Kesimpulannya, hukum internasional dan kekuatan pertahanan bukan dua pilihan yang saling meniadakan; keduanya harus dipadukan agar perlindungan hak berdaulat tetap sah, kredibel, proporsional, dan tidak memicu eskalasi yang tidak terkendali.
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